Exploring the Influences of Water-Saving Practices on the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Groundwater Dynamics in a Large-Scale Arid District in the Yellow River Basin

Water-saving practices (WSPs) have been recognized as an effective measure for reducing agricultural water use and alleviating regional shortages in arid irrigation districts. However, WSPs also reduced groundwater recharge, thereby causing the depth to table (DGT) increase. Therefore, characterizing impact of on spatiotemporal variability DGT is paramount importance protecting limited resources. Based monthly observation data collected from 1990 2015 at 206 wells Hetao Irrigation District (HID), located Northwest China with climate, variations before after application were analyzed using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) method, major driving factors changes identified comprehensive approaches. The EOF method revealed four patterns both applied; these explained 71.39% 73.99% total HID application, respectively. In addition, main controlling affecting dynamics different applied. terms associations impacting factors, meteorological had strongest long-term scale 64 months; however, played a leading role seasonal semiannual scales, especially application. soil texture significantly impacted spatial patterns, particularly depths above 150 cm. This study provides scientific basis rational development local resources management water-saving measures.